Manifestaciones dermatológicas de la cirrosis hepática: revisión de la literatura / Dermatological manifestations of liver cirrhosis: review of the literature

La piel y sus anexos tienen amplia relación con todos los órganos y sistemas. Los cambios presentes en estos pueden ser el primer hallazgo en un paciente con enfermedad hepática, encontrándose hasta en el 20 % de los casos, por lo que las manifestaciones extrahepáticas adquieren importancia, y aunque muchas de estas no son específicas, algunos marcadores dermatológicos pueden ayudar al diagnóstico de la enfermedad y se pueden correlacionar con su severidad. El desarrollo de las lesiones cutáneas en los pacientes con cirrosis hepática se genera principalmente por hipertensión portal y exceso de estrógenos circulantes, por lo tanto, su tratamiento se basa en el manejo de la patología hepática subyacente. En el presente artículo se hace una revisión de la literatura y se describe un amplio espectro de manifestaciones dermatológicas asociadas a cirrosis hepática, con sus características y etiopatogénesis, siendo las más frecuentes la ictericia, el prurito, los nevus en araña, el eritema palmar, las venas en cabeza de Medusa, y los cambios de uñas y del vello, entre otras.

The skin and its annexes have a broad relationship with all organs and systems. Changes present in these can be the initial finding in a patient with liver disease, occurring in up to 20% of cases, therefore the extrahepatic manifestations become important, and although many of these are not specific, some dermatological markers can help in the diagnosis of the disease and may correlate with its severity. The development of cutaneous lesions in patients with liver cirrhosis is mainly generated by portal hypertension and excess of circulating estrogens, therefore their treatment is based on managing the underlying liver pathology. This article reviews the literature and describes a wide range of dermatological manifestations associated with liver cirrhosis, with their characteristics and etiopathogenesis, being the most frequent jaundice, pruritus, spider nevus, palmar erythema, caput Medusae veins, nail and hair changes, among others.

Incidence, functional impact and predictive factors for the presentation of complications associated with radial access for coronary angiography evaluated through ultrasonography, hospital cohort / Incidencia, impacto funcional y factores predictores para la presentación de complicaciones asociadas al acceso radial para coronariografía evaluadas por medio de ultrasonografía, cohorte hospitalaria.

Introduction: Radial arterial access is one of the main ways to perform left heart catheterization and coronary angiography in different clinical settings, due to its lower rate of local complications and similar clinical results to when using the femoral access. Objective: To determine the incidence of complications of radial access in interventional cardiology procedures of a hemodynamic service, as well as the impact on functionality and predictive factors for presentation. Methodology: Prospective observational cohort-type study in patients undergoing radial access coronary angiography in a university hospital with collection of demographic, clinical and ultrasound data prior to the procedure and 24 hours after it; The statistical model of logistic regression was applied to evaluate the association between the variables and the complications. Results: 100 patients were obtained, 62% men, with a mean age of 64 years, 69% had arterial hypertension, 38% diabetes mellitus, 35% dyslipidemia, 2% peripheral arterial disease, and 10% chronic kidney disease. The reason for coronary angiography was non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) 65%, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 28%, pre-surgical 6%, and chronic coronary syndrome 1%. A 6 Fr introducer was used in all of them. 13% complications were documented, the most common being arterial occlusion and hematoma. Only one had implications for the functionality of the hand after a complication. After multivariate regression, height (<1.65 m) and dynamometry (<25 pounds) were found as predictive factors by area under the curve analysis using the Youden index. Conclusion: The present cohort had an incidence of complications detected by ultrasound of 13%, although none of these had direct clinical implications and only one reported alteration in functionality. Height less than 1.65 m and dynamometry less than 25 pounds were found as predictive factors.

Introducción: El acceso arterial radial es una de las principales vías para la realización de cateterismo cardiaco izquierdo y coronariografía en diferentes contextos clínicos, por su menor tasa de complicaciones locales y similares resultados clínicos a cuando se usa el acceso femoral. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de complicaciones del acceso radial en procedimientos de cardiología intervencionista de un servicio de hemodinamia, así como el impacto en la funcionalidad y los factores predictores para la presentación. Metodología: Estudio tipo cohorte observacional prospectivo en pacientes llevados a coronariografía por acceso radial en un hospital universitario con recolección de datos demográficos, clínicos y ecográficos previo al procedimiento y a las 24 horas de este; se aplicó el modelo estadístico de regresión logística para evaluar la asociación entre las variables y las complicaciones. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 100 pacientes, el 62% hombres, con media de edad 64 años, el 69% tenían hipertensión arterial, el 38% diabetes mellitus, el 35% dislipidemia, el 2% enfermedad arterial periférica y el 10% enfermedad renal crónica. El motivo de la coronariografía fue síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST 65%, infarto agudo al miocardio con elevación del ST 28%, prequirúrgica 6%, y síndrome coronario crónico 1%. En todos se usó introductor 6 Fr. Se documentaron un 13% de complicaciones, las más comunes oclusión de arterial y hematoma. Solo uno tuvo implicaciones en la funcionalidad de la mano tras una complicación. Después de la regresión multivariante, se encontraron talla (< 1.65 m) y dinamometría (< 25 libras) como factores predictores mediante el análisis de área bajo la curva utilizando el índice de Youden. Conclusión: La presente cohorte tuvo una incidencia de complicaciones detectadas por ultrasonido del 13%, si bien ninguna de estas tuvo implicaciones clínicas directas y solo uno reportó alteraciones en la funcionalidad. Se encontró como factores predictores la talla menor a 1.65 m y la dinamometría menor a 25 libras.

Cardiovascular Biomarkers and Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients With Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy.

Background: Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy is a unique form of cardiomyopathy, with a significantly higher mortality risk than other heart failure etiologies. Diastolic dysfunction (DD) plays an important role in the prognosis of CCM; however, the value of serum biomarkers in identifying and stratifying DD has been poorly studied in this context. We aimed to analyze the correlation of six biochemical markers with diastolic function echocardiographic markers and DD diagnosis in patients with CCM. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 100 adults with different stages of CCM. Serum concentrations of amino-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), galectin-3 (Gal-3), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-cTnT), soluble (sST2), and cystatin-C (Cys-c) were measured. Tissue Doppler imaging was used to measure echocardiographic parameters indicating DD. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted by age, sex, BMI, and NYHA classification were used to evaluate the association between the biomarkers and DD. Results: From the total patients included (55% male with a median age of 62 years), 38% had a preserved LVEF, but only 14% had a normal global longitudinal strain. Moreover, 64% had a diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction, with most of the patients showing a restrictive pattern (n = 28). The median levels of all biomarkers (except for sST2) were significantly higher in the group of patients with DD. Higher levels of natural log-transformed NTproBNP (per 1-unit increase, OR = 3.41, p < 0.001), Hs-cTnT (per 1-unit increase, OR = 3.24, p = 0.001), NGAL (per 1-unit increase, OR = 5.24, p =0.003), and Cys-C (per 1-unit increase, OR = 22.26, p = 0.008) were associated with increased odds of having diastolic dysfunction in the multivariate analyses. Finally, NT-proBNP had the highest AUC value (88.54) for discriminating DD presence. Conclusion: Cardiovascular biomarkers represent valuable tools for diastolic dysfunction assessment in the context of CCM. Additional studies focusing mainly on patients with HFpEF are required to validate the performance of these cardiovascular biomarkers in CCM, allowing for an optimal assessment of this unique population.

Current treatment for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. A systematic review of the new therapies

Abstract Introduction: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction has a growing therapeutic arsenal. Thus, the indications for each therapy must be refined. Methods: a systematic review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, to update the systematic search performed in the development of the "Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation" (CPG) of the Colombian Ministry of Health. Results: six new clinical trials were found which substantially modify the main recommendations of the CPG. Angiotensin receptor antagonists combined with neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI), sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, betablockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) are now the main core of treatment for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Other therapeutic options should be considered after beginning and titrating the doses of these four medications. Discussion: given the robustness of the evaluating studies, the proposed practical scheme, as the central core with four fundamental therapeutic strategies, will improve the treatment of patients with heart failure and allow the stepwise inclusion of other alternatives, plotted as orbits, to impact on other individual outcomes. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.2108).

Microbiological diagnosis in febrile neutropenia secondary to chemotherapy for hematologicmalignancy. A cohort description / Diagnóstico microbiológico en neutropenia febril secundaria a quimioterapia por malignidad hematológica Descripción de una cohorte

Abstract Objective: to describe the demographic, clinical, therapeutic and microbiological characteristics of patients with hematological malignancies undergoing chemotherapy who develop febrile neutropenia during treatment, as well as the mortality at discharge. Methods: a retrospective cohort study of patients with hematologic neoplasms who developed febrile neutropenia and were seen at the Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación in Medellín. Results: records of 110 episodes of febrile neutropenia were obtained. The mean age was 45 years. In 55.4%, a microbiological diagnosis was obtained; bacteremia was documented in 83.8% of these. The most common microorganisms wereK.pneumoniae(30%) andE. coli(18%). Antibiotic resistance due to ESBLs or carbapenemases ingram negativebacilli was 33%. Death occurred in 17% of patients. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were the most prevalent underlying diagnoses; the most prevalent clinical focus was bacteremia (24.5%). Conclusion: in our case series, there are significant differences in the percentage of patients with bacteremia, as well as in global mortality, compared to the rest of the cohorts in the region. A new research study needs to be carried out to clarify the source of these differences.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1386).

Resumen Objetivo: describir las características demográficas, clínicas, terapéuticas y microbiológicas de los pacientes con malignidad hematológica en quimioterapia que desarrollan neutropenia febril durante el tratamiento, así como la mortalidad al egreso. Métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en pacientes con neoplasia hematológica que desarrollaron neutropenia febril evaluados en el Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación de Medellín. Resultados: se obtuvo el registro de 110 episodios de neutropenia febril. Media de edad 45 años. En 55.4% se obtuvo diagnóstico microbiológico, la bacteriemia fue documentada en 83.8% de ellos. Los microorganismos más comunes fueronK.pneumoniae(30%) yE. coli(18%). La resistencia a antibióticos por presencia de BLEE o carbapenemasas en bacilosgram negativosfue de 33%. La mortalidad ocurrió en 17% de los pacientes. La leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA) y leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) fueron los diagnósticos de base más prevalentes, el foco clínico más prevalente fue bacteriemia (24.5%). Conclusión: en nuestra cohorte se encontró diferencias significativas en cuanto al porcentaje de pacientes con bacteriemia, así como en la mortalidad global respecto al resto de cohortes de la región, es necesario desarrollar un nuevo trabajo de investigación que permita aclarar el origen de estas diferencias.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1386).